Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient and one of the 24 micronutrients vital for human survival. The sun is the primary natural source, stimulating vitamin D production in the skin, but it can also be found naturally in oily fish and eggs, and is often added to milk and milk alternatives. Vitamin D supplementation is linked to a range of benefits, including enhanced immune health, stronger bones, and overall well-being. It may also lower the risk of cancer mortality, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
The effects of vitamin D likely depend on a person’s circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D; a form of vitamin D that is measured in blood samples to determine vitamin D status), and many of the benefits of supplementation will only be seen once a deficiency is reversed. Vitamin D exists in two forms: D2 (found in mushrooms) and D3 (found in animal foods), with D3 being more bioavailable. D3 supplements are typically derived from lanolin, which some vegetarians may accept, whereas vegans should seek D3 sourced from lichen extracts.
Dietary sources of vitamin D3 include fatty fish, fish liver oil, beef liver, egg yolks, and UV-exposed mushrooms. Many foods in the U.S. are fortified with vitamin D, such as dairy products, plant-based milks, orange juice, and breakfast cereals. Vitamin D exerts its effects by binding to and activating the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Upon binding vitamin D, the VDR functions as a transcription factor, regulating the activity of over 1,000 different genes. Vitamin D also works through “non-genomic” mechanisms, causing rapid activation of various signaling pathways within the cell.